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  抽象类versus接口
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  <h1 id="抽象导言"><a href="#抽象导言" class="headerlink" title="抽象导言"></a>抽象导言</h1><p>抽象性和具体性都是相对的，不是绝对的。简单说，概念的内涵越小，则其抽象程度就越高，其外延也越大，反之亦然。比如“人”比“男人”抽象一点，而“生物”又比“人”更抽象一点，“物质”则比“生物”更抽象。</p>
<p>抽象的概念是由具体概念依其“共性”而产生的，把具体概念的诸多个性排出，集中描述其共性，就会产生一个抽象性的概念。抽象思维，是人类思维达到高级阶段产生的一种能力，例如，当小孩子思维尚未成熟时，他们只能掌握具体概念，他们在学习代词“你、我、他”时往往遇到困难，因为代词具有较高的抽象性。</p>
<p>总之，抽象概念的外延大，内涵小，具体概念的外延小，内涵大。<br><span id="more"></span></p>
<h1 id="1-抽象类与普通类的区别"><a href="#1-抽象类与普通类的区别" class="headerlink" title="1. 抽象类与普通类的区别"></a>1. 抽象类与普通类的区别</h1><p>（1）普通类可以去实例化调用；抽象类不能被实例化，因为它是存在于一种概念而并非具体。</p>
<p>（2）普通类和抽象类都可以被继承，但是抽象类被继承后子类必须重写继承的方法，除非子类也是抽象类。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Pet</span> &#123;  </span><br><span class="line">  </span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">play</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;                <span class="comment">//这是宠物类,普通父类，方法里是空的  </span></span><br><span class="line">		</span><br><span class="line">	&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">&#125;  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//------------------------// </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Cat</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">Pet</span> &#123;    <span class="comment">//这是子类，是一个猫类,重写了父类方法  </span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">play</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;  </span><br><span class="line">		System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;猫爬树&quot;</span>);  </span><br><span class="line">	&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">&#125;  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//------------------------//</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">Pet</span> &#123;    <span class="comment">//这是子类，是一个狗类,重写了父类方法  </span></span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">play</span><span class="params">()</span>&#123;  </span><br><span class="line">		System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;狗啃骨头&quot;</span>);  </span><br><span class="line">	&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">&#125;  </span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//------------------------//</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">Test</span> &#123;  </span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">main</span><span class="params">(String[] args)</span> &#123;  <span class="comment">//这是测试类，分别调用了子类的不同方法  </span></span><br><span class="line">		Pet p1=<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Dog</span>();                               <span class="comment">//多典型的多态表现啊，相当的给力  </span></span><br><span class="line">		Pet p2=<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Cat</span>();  </span><br><span class="line">		  </span><br><span class="line">		p1.play();  </span><br><span class="line">		p2.play();  </span><br><span class="line">	&#125;  </span><br><span class="line">&#125;  </span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>输出结果：</p>
<pre><code>狗啃骨头  
猫爬树
</code></pre><h1 id="2-FAQ"><a href="#2-FAQ" class="headerlink" title="2. FAQ"></a>2. FAQ</h1><p>问：把父类改成抽象类，方法改成抽象方法，那么子类不变，依然重写父类方法，那这个跟普通父类没区别啊？<br>难道说就一个抽象方法没方法体就完事了？？那我普通方法有方法体，我空着不写内容不就得了，不跟抽象方法一个样吗？？</p>
<p>别跟我说抽象类还不能实例化，哥也不需要去new它！<br>普通类都能搞定的，还弄个抽象类有什么意义？我前面都说了普通类的方法我可以空着不写，达到跟抽象类方法没方法体一样的效果。  </p>
<p>问：既然两种方式都能达到同一个输出效果，弄一种方式不就得了，那为什么还要创造出一个抽象类出来？难道是比普通类看着舒服？用着爽？还是更加便捷？还是为了强制让别人用的时候必须强制化实现抽象方法省的你忘了什么的？</p>
<p>答：就是为了强制不能实例化，以及强制子类必须实现方法这不是你忘不忘的问题<br>你说你不去new它就行了，这话没错<br>那你想另一个问题，为什么要有访问控制呢？为什么要有private和public之分呢？<br>我可以全部public，不该访问的，我不访问就行了啊<br>小程序里，看不出什么区别，反而private成员要写一堆set和get函数，多麻烦，我自己写小程序的时候也会偷懒全部public<br>但是项目大了，代码多了，这种严谨的结构就很重要了<br>且不说会有很多人合作一起写一个程序，哪怕还是你一个人写，也保不住有忘记的时候，那时候编译器不报错，茫茫码海上哪找错误去？<br>面向对象说到底就是方便你思考，模块化，易维护管理，硬要说没必要，整个面向对象都没必要了，C语言有什么干不了的呀，运行效率还高。  </p>
<h1 id="3-抽象类与接口的区别"><a href="#3-抽象类与接口的区别" class="headerlink" title="3. 抽象类与接口的区别"></a>3. 抽象类与接口的区别</h1><h2 id="i-概念不一样"><a href="#i-概念不一样" class="headerlink" title="i 概念不一样"></a>i 概念不一样</h2><p>接口是对动作的抽象，抽象类是对本质的抽象。 </p>
<p>抽象类表示的是，这个对象是什么。接口表示的是，这个对象能做什么。比如，男人，女人，这两个类（如果是类的话……），他们的抽象类是人。说明，他们都是人。人可以吃东西，狗也可以吃东西，你可以把“吃东西”定义成一个接口，然后让这些类去实现它。  </p>
<p>所以，在高级语言上，一个类只能继承一个类（抽象类）(正如人不可能同时是生物和非生物)，但是可以实现多个接口(吃饭接口、走路接口)。</p>
<h2 id="ii-使用不一样"><a href="#ii-使用不一样" class="headerlink" title="ii 使用不一样"></a>ii 使用不一样</h2><p>a.抽象类 和 接口 都是用来抽象具体对象的. 但是接口的抽象级别最高<br>b.抽象类可以有具体的方法 和属性, 接口只能有抽象方法和不可变常量<br>c.抽象类主要用来抽象类别,接口主要用来抽象功能<br>d.抽象类中不包含任何实现，派生类必须覆盖它们。接口中所有方法都必须是未实现的。<br>e.接口是设计的结果 ，抽象类是重构的结果</p>
<h2 id="iii-使用方向不一样"><a href="#iii-使用方向不一样" class="headerlink" title="iii 使用方向不一样"></a>iii 使用方向不一样</h2><p>当你关注一个事物的本质的时候，用抽象类；当你关注一个操作的时候，用接口。  </p>
<p>注意：抽象类的功能要远超过接口，但是，定义抽象类的代价高。因为高级语言来说（从实际设计上来说也是）每个类只能继承一个类。在这个类中，你必须继承或编写出其所有子类的所有共性。虽然接口在功能上会弱化许多，但是它只是针对一个动作的描述。而且你可以在一个类中同时实现多个接口。在设计阶段会降低难度的。</p>
 
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